Chapter 01: History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era and Professional Societies, Organizations, and Associations
Salvo: Massage Therapy, 7th Edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	Which method is defined as manipulation of soft tissue using pressure and traction for clinical, therapeutic, and palliative purposes?
a.	Acupuncture	
b.	Ayurveda	
c.	Polarity therapy	
d.	Massage therapy	

ANS:	D
Massage therapy the manipulation of soft tissue using compression and decompression/traction for clinical, therapeutic, and palliative purposes or for wellness and self-care purposes.

	2.	Which origin for the word massage is Greek?
a.	Mashesh	
b.	Masso	
c.	Masser	
d.	Makeh	

ANS:	B
The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew mashesh, the Greek masso and massin, the Latin massa, the Arabic mass’h, the Sanskrit makeh, and the French masser.

	3.	When was the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures?
a.	1600s	
b.	1700s	
c.	1800s	
d.	1900s	

ANS:	C
By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by most European-based cultures. Historically, massage was referred to by its techniques such as friction or rubbing.

	4.	The first written records of massage date back to 3000 BCE in which country?
a.	India	
b.	China	
c.	Egypt	
d.	Greece	

ANS:	B
Written records regarding the practice of massage go back to 3000 BCE in China. Acupuncture was not mentioned in Chinese writings until 90 BCE.

	5.	Which work is commonly referred to as the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine?
a.	Tao Te Ching	
b.	Nei Ching	
c.	Ayur-Veda	
d.	Corpus Hippocraticum	

ANS:	B
At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the Yellow Emperor (died in 2599 BCE) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine known as the Nei Chang. The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BCE, and this work contains detailed descriptions of massage procedures as well as herbal medicines.

	6.	What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and energetic therapies?
a.	Polarity	
b.	Shiatsu	
c.	Acupuncture	
d.	Amma	

ANS:	D
Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chinese therapies, manual and energetic.

	7.	Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition?
a.	Ayurveda	
b.	Shiatsu	
c.	Amma	
d.	Polarity	

ANS:	A
Knowledge of amma massage traveled to the subcontinent of India from China, and massage became part of Hindu tradition. Massage is described in India’s first great medical texts, the Ayurveda books of wisdom (about 1800 BCE) and recommend massage as an indispensable healing procedure.

	8.	Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medicine concepts, and uses pressure applied from the practitioner’s thumbs, elbows, and other parts of the body?
a.	Ayurveda	
b.	Shiatsu	
c.	Massage	
d.	Amma	

ANS:	B
Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same traditional Chinese medicine concepts as acupuncture —energy flows in the body through streams called channels or meridians. Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy; shiatsu practitioners use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, elbows, and even their knees and feet.

	9.	Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine?
a.	Galen	
b.	Celsus	
c.	Rhazes	
d.	Hippocrates	

ANS:	D
Hippocrates was known to be a fine physician, founder of a medical school, author of numerous books, and advocated the use of massage or “rubbing.” These works are collectively known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, and summarized much of what was known about disease and medicine in the ancient world. Hippocrates is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid causing harm to patients.

	10.	Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the East and the West?
a.	Rhazes	
b.	Celsus	
c.	Avicenna	
d.	Hippocrates	

ANS:	C
A text entitled  or Canon of Medicine was written by one of the greatest Persian physicians of his era, Avicenna (980-1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina. The Canon of Medicine is the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the East and the West.

	11.	Which individual discussed the effects of massage and used friction on joints in the 1500s?
a.	Paré	
b.	Harvey	
c.	Galen	
d.	Mezger	

ANS:	A
Ambroise Paré (1515-1590) was a famous French surgeon who was among the earliest individuals in this era to discuss the effects of massage. He used friction to treat dislocated joints and other orthopedic conditions.

	12.	Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate that blood circulation due to muscular contraction of the heart?
a.	Paré	
b.	Galen	
c.	Harvey	
d.	Mezger	

ANS:	C
English scientist William Harvey (1578–1657) discovered the circulation of blood in 1628, and his writings did much to promote the acceptance of massage as a treatment measure. Harvey observed the hearts of living animals and determined that active phase of the heart muscular contraction (systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins.

	13.	Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which included the use of massage?
a.	Johann Mezger	
b.	Pehr H. Ling	
c.	George Henry Taylor	
d.	John Harvey Kellogg	

ANS:	B
Pehr Henrik Ling (1776 to 1839) developed his own system of massage and exercises or gymnastics, the latter of which consisted of four types—educational, military, medical, and esthetic. This system was called the Swedish Remedial Massage and Exercise, the Swedish Movement Cure, or simply the Ling system.

	14.	Which term describes a component of the Ling System?
a.	Shiatsu	
b.	Ayurveda	
c.	Thai massage	
d.	Swedish massage	

ANS:	D
The term Swedish massage was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system. For this reason, Ling is regarded as the father of Swedish massage.

	15.	Which individual is credited with having introduced French terms still in use to describe massage techniques?
a.	Johann Mezger	
b.	William Harvey	
c.	Pehr H. Ling	
d.	Charles Taylor	

ANS:	A
French was the international language in the nineteenth century. The Dutch physician Johann Mezger (1838 to 909) is credited with having introduced the French terminology still used to describe massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, pétrissage, tapotement) which is still used in massage legislation, medical insurance billing codes, and massage curricula.

	16.	Who is the founder of modern nursing, which included massage as part of care?
a.	Tiffany Field	
b.	Florence Nightingale	
c.	Charles Fayette Taylor	
d.	John Harvey Kellogg	

ANS:	B
Florence Nightingale (1829 to 1910) of England, founder of modern nursing, took care of wounded soldiers during the Crimean War (1853 to 1856). She developed a standard of care for patients, and massage was an integral part of care. When nurse training was developed, massage was included in the curriculum and massage was provided to patients as part of their comfort measures.

	17.	French physician Lucas-Championniere used massage and exercise to treat soldiers injured during which event?
a.	World War I	
b.	World War II	
c.	Civil War	
d.	Viet Nam War	

ANS:	A
World War I provided countless opportunities for the use of massage and exercise to rehabilitate injured soldiers. French physician Just Lucas-Championniere (1843 to 1913) advocated for the use of massage and passive movements to treat soft tissue injuries and fractures.

	18.	In what year did George Henry Taylor and Charles Fayette Taylor introduce the Swedish Movement system in the United States?
a.	1796	
b.	1856	
c.	1911	
d.	1958	

ANS:	B
Drs. George Henry Taylor (1829 to 1899) and Charles Fayette Taylor (1827 to 1899) sailed to Sweden to study the Ling system and returned to the United States to open the Remedial Hygienic Institute of New York City in 1856. The institute was an orthopedic clinic specializing in Ling’s system of massage and exercise. “Water cures” and nutrition were incorporated into their treatment regimen.

	19.	Who wrote the first American textbook on the Swedish Movement System in 1860?
a.	Hartvig Nissen	
b.	Andrew Weil	
c.	George Taylor	
d.	Douglas Graham	

ANS:	C
George Taylor wrote the first American textbook on the Swedish Movement System titled An Exposition of the Swedish Movement Cure (1860).

	20.	Who opened the Swedish Health Institute of Washington, DC, considered the first massage school in the United States?
a.	John Harvey Kellogg	
b.	Douglas Graham	
c.	Just Lucas-Championniere	
d.	Hartvig Nissen	

ANS:	D
In 1883, Hartvig Nissen (1857 to 1924) opened the Swedish Health Institute of Washington, DC. This is considered the first massage school in the United States.

	21.	Who helped popularize massage therapy in the United States during the modern era by writing numerous books and publishing articles in his magazine, Good Health?
a.	John Harvey Kellogg	
b.	Douglas Graham	
c.	Just Lucas-Championniere	
d.	Hartvig Nissen	

ANS:	A
John Harvey Kellogg (1852 to1943) of Battle Creek, Michigan, promoted massage to the general public. He wrote numerous articles and books on massage and published a magazine called Good Health.

	22.	Which massage organization took the first step toward professionalism by the establishing a massage curriculum and accreditation of massage schools?
a.	American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses	
b.	Chartered Society of Physiotherapy	
c.	Esalen Massage and Bodywork Association	
d.	Society of Trained Masseuses	

ANS:	D
In 1894 the Commissioners of the British Medical Journal published a report titled “The Scandals of Massage” to expose these practices. This prompted nine British nurses and midwives to form a council of trained masseuses. The following year (1895), the council established the Society of Trained Masseuses. The founders of the Society acted to legitimize massage, which had become tarnished by its association with prostitution. The Society established a massage practice model, which regulated massage through a published massage curriculum and accreditation of massage schools, which included regular inspections and use of only qualified massage instructors. Members of the Society were required to pass examinations and were subject to routine surveillance.

	23.	What was the original name of the American Massage Therapy Association?
a.	Society of Trained Masseuses	
b.	Esalen Massage and Bodywork Association	
c.	American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses	
d.	Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics	

ANS:	C
In 1943, postgraduates from the College of Swedish Massage in Chicago created the American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses, renamed the American Massage and Therapy Association in 1958, then finally the American Massage Therapy Association in 1983.

	24.	When did the American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses become the American Massage and Therapy Association founded?
a.	1943	
b.	1958	
c.	1965	
d.	1987	

ANS:	B
In 1943, postgraduates from the College of Swedish Massage in Chicago created the American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses, renamed the American Massage and Therapy Association in 1958, then finally the American Massage Therapy Association in 1983.

	25.	When was the Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals founded?
a.	1926	
b.	1943	
c.	1965	
d.	1987	

ANS:	D
Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals was founded in 1987.

	26.	Which center was a think tank for human potential movement and the first exposure to massage for many people?
a.	Remedial Hygienic Institute	
b.	Esalen Institute	
c.	Swedish Institute	
d.	Touch Research Institute	

ANS:	B
In 1962, Michael Murphy and Richard Pierce founded the Esalen Institute, a retreat center and think tank for human potential movement. For many people, Esalen was their first exposure to massage and where many came to learn massage.

	27.	What organization was established to advance massage by supporting research?
a.	Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals	
b.	National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork	
c.	Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards	
d.	Massage Therapy Foundation	

ANS:	D
In 1990, the American Massage Therapy Foundation was established by the AMTA to advance the massage profession through supporting scientific research and evidence-informed practice. In 2004, the foundation became an independent organization and changed its name to the Massage Therapy Foundation (MTF).

	28.	What organization offered a national certification exam in 1992 that was later adopted by most states as a licensure requirement?
a.	Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards	
b.	National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork	
c.	Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals	
d.	American Massage Therapy Association	

ANS:	B
In 1992, the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork (NCBTMB) was founded after significant encouragement from the AMTA and other industry leaders. The objective was to create a national certification to facilitate massage licensing reciprocity throughout the United States. A national certification examination was launched, and many states adopted it as part of their licensing requirements.

	29.	What type of credential did the National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork begin offering in 2013?
a.	Master’s certification	
b.	Research licensure	
c.	Board certification	
d.	National licensure	

ANS:	C
In 2013, NCBTMB began providing board certification, which is currently the highest voluntary credential in the massage profession. Offering the exam as part of state licensure was retired in 2014.

	30.	Which center is the first in the world to focus on the effects of massage and its application in the treatment of diseases?
a.	Remedial Hygienic Institute	
b.	Esalen Institute	
c.	Swedish Institute	
d.	Touch Research Institute	

ANS:	D
The Touch Research Institute (TRI) at the University of Miami’s School of Medicine was established in 1992 under the directorship of Dr. Tiffany Field. The Institute is the first in the world to focus on effects of massage and touch and its applications in the treatment of diseases. Their research efforts continue today and have shown massage and touch have numerous beneficial effects on health and wellbeing.

	31.	Which organization developed and released the Massage and Bodywork Licensing Examination in 2008?
a.	Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards	
b.	National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork	
c.	American Massage Therapy Association	
d.	Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals	

ANS:	A
In 2005, the Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards (FSMTB) was formed after the ABMP convened a meeting of massage regulators and educators. One of the initial goals of the Federation was to create a valid and reliable licensing examination, and this came to fruition in 2008 with the publication of the Massage and Bodywork Licensing Examination (MBLEx). In 2014 the MBLEx became the only licensing examination in the United States.

	32.	Which approach does the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health blend with mainstream medicine?
a.	Pharmacology	
b.	Endurance training	
c.	Yoga	
d.	Booster vaccinations	

ANS:	C
In 2014, Congress changed the name National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) to National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), stating the use of “alternative medicine” was rare. The new center within the NIH blends medical and healthcare practices and products with mainstream medicine. NCCIH has two subgroups—products such as herbal supplements and probiotics; and practices such as massage, acupuncture, chiropractic, and yoga.

	33.	How is human trafficking best described?
a.	Immigrant movement	
b.	Modern-day slavery	
c.	Modern-day pioneering	
d.	Rehabilitative coercion	

ANS:	B
Human trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery in which traffickers use force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act). Human trafficking is the third-largest source of revenue for organized crime, just behind drugs and guns/firearms trafficking.

	34.	Which illegal activity uses massage as a cover for its operations?
a.	Arms dealing	
b.	Dog fighting	
c.	Drug running	
d.	Sex trafficking	

ANS:	D
While great strides have been made in the massage industry towards professionalism, human trafficking using massage as a cover is still prevalent today. According to a report published by the Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards, an estimated 9,000 illicit massage businesses are currently active, and this type of commercial-front massage business is one of the top venues for sex trafficking.

	35.	Which issue may legal massage practitioners have to deal with because of human trafficking?
a.	Paying higher costs for supplies	
b.	Being threatened	
c.	Needing additional continuing education	
d.	Researching businesses	

ANS:	B
Several issues can arise for legal massage practitioners from human sex trafficking. Practitioners can be threatened, harassed, intimidated, and even assaulted. This may result in additional operational costs for practitioners to increase security. Personal and business establishment reputations may be compromised. It also erodes public trust as the integrity of massage educational institutions, testing authorities, and state licensing boards is questioned, especially if they have allowed unqualified individuals to enter the massage profession.

	36.	Which complementary therapy has the highest physician referral rate?
a.	Craniosacral therapy	
b.	Aromatherapy	
c.	Massage therapy	
d.	Hypnotherapy	

ANS:	C
Massage is one of the complementary therapies with the highest physician referral rates, and massage is rated among physicians as the complementary therapy most likely to be beneficial and least likely to be harmful.