Chapter 01: Introduction to Exotic and Laboratory Animal Medicine
Sirois: Laboratory Animal and Exotic Pet Medicine: Principles and Procedures, 2nd edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	The legal definition of an exotic pet refers to:
a.	any companion animal other than a dog or a cat.	
b.	any animal that is not a native to the area where it is housed.	
c.	any pocket pet.	
d.	only large cats and reptiles.	

ANS:	B
The strict legal definition of an exotic animal is any animal that is not native to the area it is found or housed. The other options are also labeled as exotic pets but do not fall into the category of the legal definition.

	2.	The term laboratory animal refers to:
a.	any animal used in research or teaching.	
b.	only mice and rats.	
c.	only guinea pigs.	
d.	any animal other than farm animals.	

ANS:	A
The definition of a laboratory animal is any animal used in research or teaching. Mice, rats, guinea pigs, and farm animals can be used as laboratory animals but the term encompasses all animals that may be used.

	3.	According to a survey conducted by the American Veterinary Medical Association, the exotic species most often kept as a pet in the United States is:
a.	rabbits.	
b.	turtles.	
c.	fish.	
d.	guinea pigs.	

ANS:	C
There were 7,738,000 fish in the United States but only 1,408,000 rabbits, 1,320,000 turtles, and 847,000 guinea pigs.

	4.	Predisposing factors referred to as intrinsic factors that can affect animal health are:
a.	temperature, humidity, lighting, and noise.	
b.	species, age, gender, and heredity.	
c.	food and water quality.	
d.	surgery, restraint, and drug effects.	

ANS:	B
Examples of intrinsic factors are species, age, gender, and heredity. These are factors that cannot be changed or altered. Temperature, humidity, lighting, and noise are examples of extrinsic factors. Food and water quality are dietary factors, and surgery, restraint, and drug effects are examples of experimental factors.

	5.	Examples of experimental factors that predispose an animal to disease are:
a.	temperature, humidity, lighting, and noise.	
b.	species, age, gender, and heredity.	
c.	food and water quality.	
d.	surgery, restraint, and drug effects.	

ANS:	D
Surgery, restraint, and drug effects are examples of experimental factors. Examples of intrinsic factors are species, age, gender, and heredity. These are factors that cannot be changed or altered. Temperature, humidity, lighting, and noise are examples of extrinsic factors. Food and water quality are dietary factors.

	6.	Dietary factors can have an effect on an animal and predispose it to diseases. Which of the following are dietary factors?
a.	Temperature, humidity, lighting, and noise	
b.	Species, age, gender, and heredity	
c.	Food and water quality and food and water container sanitation	
d.	Surgery, restraint, and drug effects	

ANS:	C
Food and water quality as well as food and water container sanitation are dietary factors. Examples of intrinsic factors are species, age, gender, and heredity. These are factors that cannot be changed or altered. Temperature, humidity, lighting, and noise are examples of extrinsic factors. Surgery, restraint, and drug effects are examples of experimental factors.

	7.	Extrinsic predisposing factors are:
a.	temperature, humidity, lighting, and noise.	
b.	species, age, gender, and heredity.	
c.	food and water quality and food and water container sanitation.	
d.	surgery, restraint, and drug effects.	

ANS:	A
Temperature, humidity, lighting, and noise are examples of extrinsic factors. These factors can be altered and affect the animal’s health. Examples of intrinsic factors are species, age, gender, and heredity. These are factors that cannot be changed or altered. Food and water quality as well as food and water container sanitation are dietary factors. Surgery, restraint, and drug effects are examples of experimental factors.

	8.	The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora:
a.	is a multinational agreement between governments to ensure that the international trade of specimens and wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.	
b.	is an organization that collects import and export fees on wild animals.	
c.	classifies organisms into six categories based on their endangered species status.	
d.	allows for the sale of only wild caught animals.	

ANS:	A
CITES is a multinational agreement between governments to ensure that the international trade of specimens and wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. CITES does not collect fees on imported or exported animals. CITES only has three categories or appendices based on an animal endangered species status, and CITES does not allow for the sale of animals only caught in the wild but supports the acquisition of animals that have been bred for the purpose of being pets.

	9.	The CITES of Wild Fauna and Flora would categorize an animal that is near extinction into which of the following?
a.	Appendix I	
b.	Appendix II	
c.	Appendix III	
d.	Appendix IV	

ANS:	A
An animal that is near extinction would fall into Appendix I. Appendix II is for animals that are not currently threatened and commercial trade is allowed with special permits. Appendix III is for animals that are protected by at least one country that is asking for help in protecting the species. There is no Appendix IV.

	10.	The CITES of Wild Fauna and Flora would categorize an exotic animal that is not on the threatened species list into which of the following?
a.	Appendix I	
b.	Appendix II	
c.	Appendix III	
d.	Appendix IV	

ANS:	B
Appendix II is for animals that are not currently threatened and commercial trade is allowed with special permits. An animal that is near extinction would fall into Appendix I. Appendix III is for animals that are protected by at least one country that is asking for help in protecting the species. There is no Appendix IV.

	11.	A country is afraid that a native species is in danger of becoming extinct. What category would the CITES of Wild Fauna and Flora place this animal?
a.	Appendix I	
b.	Appendix II	
c.	Appendix III	
d.	Appendix IV	

ANS:	C
Appendix III is for animals that are protected by at least one country that is asking for help in protecting the species. An animal that is near extinction would fall into Appendix I. Appendix II is for animals that are not currently threatened and commercial trade is allowed with special permits. There is no Appendix IV.

	12.	Release of an exotic animal into the local ecosystem can be detrimental to the ecosystem because:
a.	the animal may not survive in that environment.	
b.	it can carry zoonotic diseases.	
c.	it may not have any natural predators and outcompete the other species for resources.	
d.	it could become a public health concern.	

ANS:	C
A released exotic animal can cause havoc in an ecosystem by not having any natural predators and outcompete other species for resources. The animal may not survive in that environment, and may carry zoonotic disease and become a public health concern; however, this would not have an effect on the ecosystem it was released into.

	13.	If an owner of an exotic pet is no longer able to care for the animal, the veterinary team should assist the owner by:
a.	turning the animal loose in the environment.	
b.	helping them find another home, a zoo, or sanctuary for the pet.	
c.	offering no assistance.	
d.	taking custody of the pet.	

ANS:	B
It is important that the veterinary team work closely with owners of exotic pets to help them place the animal in another home, zoo, or sanctuary. It is unethical to turn the pet loose and not offer assistance to the owner. It is not recommended to take custody of the pet.

	14.	A wild animal is brought into a clinic for emergency treatment. Once the animal is stabilized the veterinarian should:
a.	release the animal to the person who brought it into the practice.	
b.	transfer the animal to a licensed rehabilitator as soon as possible.	
c.	return the animal to nature and let nature take its course.	
d.	keep the animal until it fully recovers.	

ANS:	B
The veterinarian should transfer the animal to a licensed rehabilitator as soon as possible. The animal should never be released back to the person who brought it into the practice, be returned to nature until it has been rehabilitated, or be kept in the practice until it fully recovers.

	15.	A baby wild animal is found in a nest. Which of the following is the correct advice to give the client that calls about the animal?
a.	Don’t touch it–the mother will reject a baby if touched by a human.	
b.	If he or she hasn’t seen a mother in 3-4 hours the baby has been abandoned.	
c.	Return the animal to the nest unless it appears weak or is obviously injured.	
d.	It is okay to keep the baby and try to hand raise it.	

ANS:	C
The clinic should advise the caller to return the baby to the nest unless it is very weak or obviously injured. It is a myth that a mother will not care for a baby that is touched by a human. Many parents only return to the nest two times per day and the client should never keep the baby and attempt to raise it.

	16.	The Animal Welfare Act (AWA):
a.	only protects dogs and cats from being stolen and sold to research facilities.	
b.	is the principle federal statute governing the sale, handling, and use of animals.	
c.	was first passed in 1960.	
d.	is under the jurisdiction of the IACUC.	

ANS:	B
The AWA is the principle federal statute governing the sale, handling, and use of animals. It was first passed in 1965 and protects all warm-blooded animals except rats, mice, horses, and farm animals used in agricultural research, food, or fiber. It is under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

	17.	Which species is covered under the AWA?
a.	Snakes	
b.	Fish	
c.	Rats	
d.	Rabbits	

ANS:	D
Rabbits are the only species list that is currently addressed in the AWA. Rats are exempt from these regulations and cold-blooded animals have not been addressed in the AWA.

	18.	The AWA:
a.	has no requirements for exercise for dogs.	
b.	has no requirements for enrichment for nonhuman primates (NHPs).	
c.	mandates that any procedure that may have the potential for pain requires the use of analgesics, anesthetics, and tranquilizers.	
d.	does not require the investigation for alternatives to animal use.	

ANS:	C
The AWA mandates that the principle investigator consult with the veterinarian in the design of studies that may cause pain to ensure that analgesics, anesthetics, or tranquilizers are provided. The AWA also has set requirements for exercise in dogs and enrichment in NHP. Investigators must research the alternatives to animal use.

	19.	Which of the following is authorized by law to enforce animal welfare regulations?
a.	Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)	
b.	United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)	
c.	Regulatory Enforcement and Animal Care (REAC)	
d.	Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)	

ANS:	B
The USDA is authorized by law to enforce animal welfare regulations. APHIS inspects facilities on an annual basis. REAC has the authority to enforce penalties for violations of the AWA, and IACUC is an institutional committee that is responsible for all aspects of animal use, education, health, and compliance with the laws and regulations.

	20.	If a research facility is found in violation of the AWA, which organization has the authority to enforce penalties for the violations?
a.	APHIS	
b.	USDA	
c.	REAC	
d.	IACUC	

ANS:	C
REAC has the authority to enforce penalties for violations of the AWA. APHIS inspects facilities on an annual basis. The USDA is authorized by law to enforce animal welfare regulations. IACUC is an institutional committee that is responsible for all aspects of animal use, education, health, and compliance with the laws and regulations.

	21.	Which agency inspects research facilities on an annual basis?
a.	APHIS	
b.	USDA	
c.	REAC	
d.	IACUC	

ANS:	A
APHIS inspects facilities on an annual basis. The USDA is authorized by law to enforce animal welfare regulations. REAC has the authority to enforce penalties for violations of the AWA. IACUC is an institutional committee that is responsible for all aspects of animal use, education, health, and compliance with the laws and regulations.

	22.	Which entity is responsible for all aspects of animal use, education, health, and compliance with the laws and regulations within a facility?
a.	APHIS	
b.	USDA	
c.	REAC	
d.	IACUC	

ANS:	D
IACUC is an institutional committee that is responsible for all aspects of animal use, education, health, and compliance with the laws and regulations. APHIS inspects facilities on an annual basis. The USDA is authorized by law to enforce animal welfare regulations. REAC has the authority to enforce penalties for violations of the AWA.

	23.	The individuals assigned to the IACUC are appointed by:
a.	the researchers within the facility.	
b.	chief executive officer (CEO) of the facility.	
c.	the staff veterinarian.	
d.	the USDA.	

ANS:	B
The individuals assigned to the IACUC are appointed by the CEO of the facility. The researchers, veterinarian, and USDA do not have a say in who is appointed.

	24.	What is the minimum number of individuals that can be on the IACUC?
a.	2	
b.	3	
c.	4	
d.	5	

ANS:	B
The minimum number of committee members on the IACUC is 3.

	25.	The IACUC must have at least one of which of the following on the committee?
a.	A veterinarian with training and experience in laboratory animal medicine	
b.	A researcher from the facility	
c.	A layperson to speak for the community	
d.	A lawyer	

ANS:	A
The IACUC must have a veterinarian with training and experience in laboratory animal medicine and at least one person with no affiliation to the facility. It is not advised to have a researcher from the facility on the committee. It is recommended but not mandated that a layperson be on the committee and there is no requirement for an attorney.

	26.	How often should the facility be inspected and the program of veterinary care program be reviewed by the IACUC?
a.	At least every 3 months	
b.	At least every 6 months	
c.	At least every 9 months	
d.	At least every 12 months	

ANS:	B
The IACUC should review the veterinary care program and inspect the facility at least every 6 months.

	27.	The primary reference on animal care and use is the:
a.	AWA	
b.	Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals	
c.	Animal Use Protocol	
d.	Public Health Services (PHS) policy	

ANS:	B
The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals is the primary reference for all animal care and use in research facilities. The AWA is the federal statute that governs the sale, handling, transport, and use of animals. The Animal Use Protocol is a specific protocol designed and written for each study using animals. The PHS policy has specific policies on the utilization and care of vertebrate animals in research and teaching.

	28.	The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals is written under the direction of:
a.	the USDA	
b.	the IACUC	
c.	the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS)	
d.	the PHS	

ANS:	C
The Guide is written under the direction of the ILAR of the NAS and is used as a guide throughout the world to guide the care of research animals. The USDA oversees the AWA. The IACUC oversees animal care at an institutional level and the PHS has policies on the utilization and care of vertebrae animals in research and education.

	29.	Which of the following applies to the use of farm animals used in nonbiomedical research protocols?
a.	AWA	
b.	The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals	
c.	The Animal Use Protocol	
d.	The Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching	

ANS:	D
The Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching applies to the use of farm animals in nonbiomedical research protocols. The AWA is the federal statute that governs the sale, handling, transport, and use of animals. The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals is the primary reference for all animal care and use in research facilities. The Animal Use Protocol is a specific protocol designed and written for each study using animals.

	30.	Which agency is focused on promoting integrity in biomedical and behavioral research and oversees institutional investigations into research misconduct?
a.	The USDA	
b.	The IACUC	
c.	The ILAR of the NAS	
d.	The Office of Research Integrity	

ANS:	D
The Office of Research Integrity is focused on promoting integrity in biomedical and behavioral research and oversees institutional investigations into research misconduct and promotes the responsible conduct of research through educational, preventive, and regulatory activities. The USDA oversees the AWA. The IACUC oversees animal care at an institutional level, and the PHS has policies on the utilization and care of vertebrae animals in research and education. The ILAR of the NAS provides advisory and educational services both to biomedical industry and the public.

	31.	Which agency can request that specific animal safety testing be conducted and remove products from the market or restrict use if the safety of the product cannot be adequately determined?
a.	The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)	
b.	The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)	
c.	The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act	
d.	The USDA	

ANS:	B
The EPA can request that specific animal safety testing be conducted and remove products from the market or restrict use if the safety of the product cannot be adequately determined. The FDA enforces a number of laws designed to protect the health and safety of the general public. The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act mandates that manufacturers of products provide documentation that their products are safe when used in the customary way. The USDA is authorized by law to enforce the animal welfare regulations.

	32.	Which type of regulations apply to both animal and nonanimal studies and mandate specific requirements for personnel training, record keeping, and quality assurance?
a.	Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)	
b.	Good Clinical Practices (GCP)	
c.	Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)	
d.	Animal Use Protocols	

ANS:	C
GLP are regulations that apply to both animal and nonanimal studies and mandate specific requirements for personnel training, record keeping, and quality assurance. An SOP is a step-by-step description of all scientific and husbandry procedures. GCP is the practice of keeping good clinical records, and an Animal Use Statement describes the research protocol.

	33.	Which organization promotes the humane treatment of animals in science through a voluntary accreditation program?
a.	Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW)	
b.	American Association of Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS)	
c.	National Institutes of Health (NIH)	
d.	Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC)	

ANS:	D
AAALAC is a private nonprofit organization that promotes the humane treatment of animals through a voluntary accreditation program. OLAW receives annual reports for the NIH. NIH is another agency of the PHS that supports and conducts biomedical research.

	34.	The use of the absolute least number of animals that will achieve the research goals is referred to as:
a.	refinement.	
b.	recycle.	
c.	reduction.	
d.	replacement.	

ANS:	C
Reduction refers to the use of the absolute least number of animals to achieve the research goals. Refinement refers to ensuring the experimental procedure causes the least amount of stress, pain, anxiety, and disturbance to the normal life of the animal and still reaches the goal. Recycle is not a term used in this text. Replacement refers to research that utilizes lower life forms, computer models, or other means whenever possible.

	35.	The term that refers to ensuring the experimental procedure causes the least amount of stress, pain, anxiety, and disturbance to the normal life of the animal and still reaches the goal is:
a.	refinement.	
b.	recycle.	
c.	reduction.	
d.	replacement.	

ANS:	A
Refinement refers to ensuring the experimental procedure causes the least amount of stress, pain, anxiety, and disturbance to the normal life of the animal and still reaches the goal. Recycle is not a term used in this text. The goal of reduction is to use the absolute least number of animals to achieve the research goals. Replacement refers to research that utilizes lower life forms, computer models, or other means whenever possible.

	36.	When an experiment can be conducted using a lower life form, a computer model, or other artificial means it is referred to as:
a.	refinement.	
b.	recycle.	
c.	reduction.	
d.	replacement.	

ANS:	D
Replacement refers to research that utilizes lower life forms, computer models, or other means whenever possible. Refinement refers to ensuring the experimental procedure causes the least amount of stress, pain, anxiety, and disturbance to the normal life of the animal and still reaches the goal. Recycle is not a term used in this text. The goal of reduction is to use the absolute least number of animals to achieve the research goals.

	37.	When a scientist has deduced that an experimental model could be conducted on tissue cultures instead of rats it would be an example of:
a.	refinement.	
b.	recycle.	
c.	reduction.	
d.	replacement.	

ANS:	D
Replacement refers to research that utilizes lower life forms, computer models, or other means whenever possible. Refinement refers to ensuring the experimental procedure causes the least amount of stress, pain, anxiety, and disturbance to the normal life of the animal and still reaches the goal. Recycle is not a term used in this text. The goal of reduction is to use the absolute least number of animals to achieve the research goals.

	38.	An individual who believes that animals are strictly to be used by humans, who believes animals don’t feel pain, or who has no concern for the animal if it was in pain would be likely to be a member of an:
a.	animal use group	
b.	animal exploitation group	
c.	animal control group	
d.	animal welfare group	

ANS:	B
Individuals that belong to animal exploitation groups believe animals are strictly on earth for the use of humans. They don’t believe animals feel pain and even if they do it doesn’t matter. Members of animal use groups believe that animals are here for use by humans but humans must be responsible for that use. Animal control group members believe that governments should write laws that express the sentiments of most of the population. Animal welfare group members believe people should treat each animal as kindly as possible and they should be required by law to do so.

	39.	Individuals that like to hunt and fish, raise livestock, or go to zoos would fall into which group?
a.	Animal use group	
b.	Animal exploitation group	
c.	Animal control group	
d.	Animal welfare group	

ANS:	A
Members of animal use groups believe that animals are here for use by humans but humans must be responsible for that use. Individuals that belong to animal exploitation groups believe animals are strictly on earth for the use of humans. They don’t believe animals feel pain and even if they do it doesn’t matter. Animal control group members believe that governments should write laws that express the sentiments of most of the population. Animal welfare group members believe people should treat each animal as kindly as possible and they should be required by law to do so.

	40.	Federal organizations that write and enforce laws regarding animals would be members of which group?
a.	Animal use group	
b.	Animal exploitation group	
c.	Animal control group	
d.	Animal welfare group	

ANS:	C
Animal control group members believe that governments should write and enforce laws that express the sentiments of most of the population. Members of animal use groups believe that animals are here for use by humans but humans must be responsible for that use. Individuals that belong to animal exploitation groups believe animals are strictly on earth for the use of humans. They don’t believe animals feel pain and even if they do it doesn’t matter. Animal welfare group members believe people should treat each animal as kindly as possible and they should be required by law to do so.

	41.	A volunteer at a humane society or a rescue group would be considered a member of which group?
a.	Animal use group	
b.	Animal exploitation group	
c.	Animal control group	
d.	Animal welfare group	

ANS:	D
Animal welfare group members believe people should treat each animal as kindly as possible and they should be required by law to do so. Members of animal use groups believe that animals are here for use by humans but humans must be responsible for that use. Individuals that belong to animal exploitation groups believe animals are strictly on earth for the use of humans. They don’t believe animals feel pain and even if they do it doesn’t matter. Animal control group members believe that governments should write laws that express the sentiments of most of the population.

	42.	An individual who firmly believes that animal research should never be done no matter what the purpose or value would be a member of which group?
a.	Animal use group	
b.	Animal exploitation group	
c.	Animal control group	
d.	Animal rights group	

ANS:	D
Animal rights group members believe that animals should be treated in just the way humans are treated. This includes not being killed, eaten, or used for sport or research. Members of animal use groups believe that animals are here for use by humans but humans must be responsible for that use. Individuals that belong to animal exploitation groups believe animals are strictly on earth for the use of humans. They don’t believe animals feel pain and even if they do it doesn’t matter. Animal control group members believe that governments should write laws that express the sentiments of most of the population.

	43.	An individual that advocates that animals should not be forced to work or produce for human benefit in any way and believe that animals should not be owned by a person are members of which group?
a.	Animal liberation group	
b.	Animal exploitation group	
c.	Animal control group	
d.	Animal welfare group	

ANS:	A
Members of animal liberation groups believe that animals should not be used in any manner and that owning an animal is a form of enslavement. Individuals that belong to animal exploitation groups believe animals are strictly on earth for the use of humans. They don’t believe animals feel pain and even if they do it doesn’t matter. Animal control group members believe that governments should write laws that express the sentiments of most of the population. Animal welfare group members believe people should treat each animal as kindly as possible and they should be required by law to do so.